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The cougar (Puma concolor) also commonly known as the mountain lion puma panther or catamount is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere. An adaptable generalist species the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World after the jaguar. Secretive and largely solitary by nature the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular although there are daytime sightings. The cougar is more closely related to smaller felines including the domestic cat than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae of which only the jaguar is native to the Americas.
The cougar is an ambush predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates particularly deer but also livestock. It also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking but can also live in open areas. The cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain vegetation and abundance of prey. While large it is not always the apex predator in its range yielding to the jaguar gray wolf American black bear and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people. Fatal attacks on humans are rare but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories.
Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the ongoing human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century except for an isolated Florida panther subpopulation. Transient males have been verified in Minnesota Missouri Wisconsin Iowa Michigan and Illinois where a cougar was shot in the city limits of Chicago and in at least one instance observed as far east as coastal Connecticut. Reports of eastern cougars still surface although it was declared extirpated in 2011.
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